2024届高考英语一轮复习 语法专题 非谓语动词 外研版
语法专题三 非谓语动词
在句中充当除谓语以外句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式(作主语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和表语)、动名词(作主语、表语、宾语和定语)和分词(作定语、补足语、状语和表语)，分词包括现在分词和过去分词。从时间关系上看，不定式表将来，现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成，同时注意不定式和现在分词的完成式也表完成(尤其是表示有明显的先后关系的完成)；从主动与被动来看，不定式和现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动，同时注意不定式和现在分词的被动式也表被动(不定式的被动式在表被动的同时还兼表将来，现在分词的被动式表被动的同时还兼表进行)。
考点一 非谓语动词的时态和语态的基本用法
1．不定式、现在分词或动名词的动作若发生在谓语动词的动作之前，就用完成式，否则，用一般式。不定式、现在分词或动名词与其逻辑主语若是主动关系，就用主动式，否则，用被动式。要注意此处的完成式并不等同于谓语动词的现在完成时，相对于现在已经完成，它只强调动作的先后关系。
They worked day and night，sending supplies to the flooded areas.（虽然send动作已经完成，但相对于work来说却是同时的，不是发生在它之前）
Not having received the call，Tom returned home.（显然是先未接到电话，然后又回家，有明显的先后关系）
2．being done所表示的时间概念并非全是正在进行，要分清是现在分词还是动名词。
Being exposed to the sun for so long will do harm to our skin.（只强调动作是被动，为动名词作主语，并不表示动作正在进行）
The problem being discussed is very important.（强调被动、进行，此处是现在分词，表示动作正在进行）
3．判断语态时学会找非谓语的逻辑主语：作定语时，被修饰的词是其逻辑主语；作状语时，句子的主语是其逻辑主语；作补语时，句子的宾语或主语是其逻辑主语。若是系动词则一定用主动式，或是非谓语形式后面接宾语也多为主动式。
The teacher came in，following our monitor.
考点二 分词与不定式作状语的区别
1．作目的状语和结果状语的通常是不定式，分词一般作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语和伴随状语。
不定式放句首作状语，只表目的；作结果状语时表示出乎意料的、令人不愉快的结果。而现在分词不能表示目的，作结果状语时也表示伴随谓语动词动作的发生而产生的自然结果（同时发生），有时在前面加上thus，谓语动词与现在分词是因果关系。
To catch the train，he got up early.But he reached the station only to be told that the train was delayed.
2．要注意非谓语动词的逻辑主语为句子的主语。因此要注意主语前后一致。
To improve English，his father bought him many books.（× ）（improve的逻辑主语为he，而不是his father）
Walking in the street，a car knocked the boy down.（×）（walk的逻辑主语为the boy，而不是a car）
3．不定式可以跟在表示“喜、怒、哀、乐”的形容词后面作原因状语或用于too...to do sth.，so...as to do sth.，enough...to do sth.等结构中作结果状语。I am happy to meet you here.
The boy is old enough to go to school.
4．独立成分作状语，其形式不受前后文的影响。considering...（鉴于/考虑到……）；generally speaking（总的来说）；judging by/from...（从……来看，依据……来判断）；supposing that...（假定……）；providing that...（假定……）；owing to...（由于……）；talking/speaking of...（谈及……）；given...（考虑到……）；provided that...（如果……）；to tell the truth（实话实说）；to be honest（老实说）。
Generally speaking，it is hot in summer in this area.
考点三 不定式和分词作补语的区别
1．表示感觉的动词，可以简单归纳为：一感（feel）二听（hear，listen）三让（let，make，have）四看（see，watch，notice，observe等），其后可以跟不带to的不定式或者分词作宾补。不定式表示动作的全过程，说明某事已发生；用现在分词表示动作正在进行，还未结束。现在分词和宾语之间存在逻辑上的主动关系；用过去分词表示被动和完成，时间性不强。过去分词和宾语之间存在逻辑上的被动关系。
I saw my mother crying，which made me puzzled.
2．find，leave（使……处于某种状态），keep（使……保持某种状态）后一般跟分词作补足语，而不跟动词不定式。
What you said left me thinking.
3．常用不定式作宾补的词：wish，want，ask，require/request，order，warn，allow/permit，forbid，expect，remind，encourage，inspire，call on，depend on等。
We depend on you to help us out of trouble.
考点四 非谓语作定语的区别
1．不定式作定语。
不定式作定语常表示该动作尚未发生；被修饰的词为ability，chance，idea，fact，promise，attempt，belief等抽象名词时一般用不定式作定语；
不定式常用于不定代词或被the first/next/only/last等修饰的名词后作定语；如果作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词有动宾关系，在不及物动词后通常要加上适当的介词。
He will attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.
He has become the first to go abroad in our town.
He wanted to find a place to live in.
2．动名词作定语。
动名词作定语表示被修饰词的用途，与被修饰词之间不存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
A sleeping pill will help you to fall asleep quickly.
3．现在分词作定语。
当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时，用v.ing形式；当为被动关系且表示动作正在进行时用being＋过去分词；当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且动作已经完成时，要用过去分词形式，现在分词的完成时不作定语。现在分词作定语一般要求其动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或在说话时该动作正在进行，否则就用定语从句。
Three days later I received a letter offering me the job.
The houses being built are for the students.
4．过去分词作定语。
过去分词作定语与被修饰词之间存在逻辑上的被动关系，表示动作已完成。及物动词的过去分词作定语表示被动完成，少数不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表示完成，不表被动。
The retired worker was sweeping the fallen leaves on the road.
考点五 非谓语动词作宾语的区别
1．通常跟不定式作宾语的词有：afford，agree，want，wish，hope，refuse，manage，ask，offer，promise，pretend，decide，learn，determine，expect，beg，choose，intend，attempt，fail，claim，long（v.），plan，prepare，would like（love），prefer，seek等。
Don't pretend to be reading.
2．通常跟动名词作宾语的词有：acknowledge，admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，feel like，finish，imagine，keep，mention，mind，miss，practice，resist，risk，suggest，stand等。
I'm considering buying a new car.
3．有些动词的后面可用不定式或动名词作宾语，但是意义有别。这些动词有：forget，remember，regret，mean，stop，try，can't help，go on等。
Don't forget to call me.（别忘记给我打电话。）
I forgot meeting you here.（我忘记在这里遇见过你了。）
4．need，want，deserve，require（表示需要，值得）＋动名词表被动意义，相当于用不定式的被动式。
The man who wanted to steal money deserved punishing.
5．在like，hate，prefer等动词后，表示具体的、一次性的或将来的动作用不定式；表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的行为用动名词。
I like watching TV，but I don't like to do that this evening because I am too busy.
考点六 独立主格结构
独立主格结构是英语中的一个特殊短语结构，它只有逻辑上的主语（名词或代词充当）和谓语（一般用分词、不定式、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语来充当），而没有语法意义上的主语和谓语，主要用于书面语中，在口语中不常用，在句子中起状语作用，相当于一个状语从句，表示时间、原因、方式、条件、伴随情况等，用于修饰整个句子。“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”也是独立主格结构的一种形式。
The weather being so fine，we decided to go for an outing.
With you to help us，we will make much progress.
考点七 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义
1．在“be＋表示特征、性质的形容词＋不定式”结构中；该结构中常用的形容词有：easy，hard，difficult，important，impossible，interesting，pleasant，nice，comfortable，safe，dangerous，cheap，fit，heavy，happy，glad，pleasant，sorry，lucky，surprised，angry，able，right，ready，clever，foolish，quick，slow，polite，wrong等。这类形容词往往说明产生这种特性或情绪的原因。要注意不定式当中动词要用主动式，且是及物动词或是“不及物动词＋介词”的形式。
He is easy to get along with
2．不定式与疑问词连用时。
I don't know what to do.
3．某些动词（如blame/seek/let等）的不定式与be动词连用时。
He is to blame for the accident.
考点八 固定句式
1．It is/was no use/good doing sth.
2．It is/was of little use/good doing sth.
3．It is/was not any use/good doing sth.
4．There is no point in doing sth.
5．There is no possibility of doing sth.
It is no good reading such books.
There is no point in waiting for him.
1．（2024·课标全国高考）The party will be held in the garden，weather ______.
A．permitting B．to permit
C．permitted
D．permit
2．（2024·课标全国高考）Film has a much shorter history，especially when ______ such art forms as music and painting.
A．having compared to
B．comparing to
C．compare to
D．compared to
3．（2024·上海高考）The club，______ 25 years ago，is holding a party for past and present members.
A．founded
B．founding
C．being founded
D．to be founded
4．（2024·全国高考Ⅱ）The old man sat in front of the television every evening，happy ______ anything that happened to be on.
A．to watch
B．watching
C．watched
D．to have watched
5．（2024·北京高考）One learns a language by making mistakes and ______ them.
A．corrects
B．correct
C．to correct
D．correcting
6．（2024·北京高考）______ with care，one tin will last for six weeks.
A．Use
B．Using
C．Used
D．To use
7．（2024·北京高考）Bird's singing is warning to other birds ______ away.
A．to stay
B．staying
C．stayed
D．stay
8．（2024·天津高考）He got up late and hurried to his office，______ the breakfast untouched.
A．left
B．to leave
C．leaving
D．having left
9．（2024·上海高考）As Jack left his membership card at home，he wasn't allowed ______ into the sports club.
A．going
B．to go
C．go
D．gone
10．（2024·上海高考）When Peter speaks in public，he always has trouble ______ the right things to say.
A．thinking of
B．to think of
C．thought of
D．think of
11．（2024·全国高考Ⅱ）Tony lent me the money，______ that I'd do as much for him.
A．hoping
B．to hope
C．hoped
D．having hoped
12．（2024·上海高考）“Genius” is a complicated concept，______ many different factors.
A．involved
B．involving
C．to involve
D．being involved
13．（2024·重庆高考）______ to work overtime that evening，I missed a wonderful film.
A．Having been asked
B．To ask
C．Having asked
D．To be asked
14．（2024·重庆高考）We're having a meeting in half an hour.The decision ______ at the meeting will influence the future of our company.
A．to be made
B．being made
C．made
D．having been made
15．（2024·安徽高考）I remembered ______ the door before I left the office，but forgot to turn off the lights.
A．locking
B．to lock
C．having locked
D．to have locked
16．（2024·安徽高考）When ______for his views about his teaching job，Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding.
A．asking
B．asked
C．having asked
D．to be asked
17．（2024·福建高考）China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from ______ in the South China Sea.
A．attacking
B．having attacked
C．being attacked
D．having been attacked
18．（2024·福建高考）Pressed from his parents，and ______ that he has wasted too much time，the boy is determined to stop playing video games.
A．realizing
B．realized
C．to realize
D．being realized
19．（2024·湖南高考）We've had a good start，but next，more work needs ______ to achieve the final success.
A．being done
B．do
C．to be done
D．to do
20．（2024·山东高考）George returned after the war, only ______ that his wife had left him.
A．to be told
B．telling
C．being told
D．told
21．（2024·湖南高考）The lecture，______ at 7：00 pm last night，was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes.
A．starting
B．being started
C．to start
D．to be started
22．（2024·江苏高考）______ an important decision more on emotion than on reason，you will regret it sooner or later.
A．Based
B．Basing
C．Base
D．To base
23．（2024·江西高考）Having finished her project，she was invited by the school ______ to the new students.
A．speaking
B．having spoken
C．to speak
D．to have spoken
24．（2024·江西高考）John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter ______ him it.
