2024届高考英语一轮复习 语法专题 介词和介词短语 外研版
语法专题十五 介词和介词短语
介词是一种虚词(前置词)，用来表示在句中与名词或相当于名词的其他词之间的关系，不能单独使用。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其他词构成介词短语，介词短语可在句中作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。在高考试题中对介词的考查主要集中在常见介词的基本用法及其搭配上，对介词短语的考查主要侧重其辨析。
考点一 表示时间和日期的介词
1．in用在表示年、季节、月份、周，或泛指上午、下午或晚上的名词前；on用在表示某一天，某一天的上午、下午或晚上的名词前；at用在表示某一时刻或时间上的某一点的词前。
We will have a meeting at 8 o'clock in the morning on Sunday.
2．for后接“一段时间”，表示某事持续多久，多与完成时连用；during表示“在……期间”；through表示“一直……，自始至终”。
She has been ill for several days.
I went to France during the summer holiday.
They worked hard through the winter.
3．from，since
from表示时间的起点，意为“从……”，多用于“from...to/till...”中；since表示“自从……以来”。
I have been waiting here from morning till noon.
We have been friends since we first met.
注意：for和since都常与完成时连用，但for接时间段，since接时间点。如for two hours（持续）两小时；since last week从上周直到现在。
4．before，by，till，until
before指“在……之前”，与after相对。by指“不迟于，到……时为止，在……以前”，by后接过去时间，常与过去完成时连用；by后接将来时间，常与将来完成时连用。till（until）“直到……为止”，在肯定句中，till/until必须与延续性动词连用；在否定句中，till/until常与非延续性动词连用。
Please come before ten o'clock.
You must wait for him till tomorrow.
5．after，in
in＋一段时间：表示以说话时为起点一段时间之后，与一般将来时连用；但表示“在……之内”时，用于各种时态。
after＋一段时间表示：“在……之后”，用于一般过去时；但时间为点时间时，只能用after，即after＋点时间，用于各种时态。
I'll arrive in an hour after 3：00 pm.
考点二 表示方位的介词
1．on意为 “在……的上面”；over意为“在……（垂直）的正上方”；above意为“在……（不一定垂直）的上方”；under意为“在……（垂直的）正下方”；below意为“在……（不一定垂直）的下方”；near意为“在……附近”；next to意为“紧挨着……”；round/around意为“在……周围”；by意为“在……旁边”；along表示沿着街、路、河岸等；across主要表示从某物的表面“横过”，涉及“面”的概念；past意为“从……旁经过”；up表示向上，由南到北，由西到东，由沿海到内陆，由小地方到大地方，由农村到城市，反之则用down；through指从某物的内部“穿过”；over指“越过”某一障碍物；
Pipes carry oil across the desert.
It took us ten minutes to drive through the tunnel.
2．表示两者的位置关系时，in表示“在同一区域内或同一范围内”；on表示“接壤，相邻”；to表示“相离，相隔”，两者不属同一范围，也不接壤。
Mongolia is/lies on the north of China.
考点三 表示计量的介词
1．at表示“以……速度，以……价格”。
I sold my car at a low price.
2．for表示“用……交换，以……为代价”。
He sold his car for 500 dollars.
他以五百美元把车卖了。
注意：at表示单价（price），for表示总钱数。
3．by表示“按……计算”，后跟度量单位。加具体单位前用定冠词the，加具体度量名词时该名词前不加冠词。
They are paid by the day.
考点四 表示行为的工具、手段或者方式的介词
1．by表示用某种方式，多用于交通。如by bus乘公共汽车，by email通过电子邮件。
注意：表示搭乘交通工具时，用by时，名词前不加冠词；用in时，名词前要加冠词。请比较：
I went there by bus/in a car.
2．with表示“用某种具体工具，身体的某部分或是器官”。
We speak with our mouths.
注意：with表示用某种工具时，名词前必须用冠词或物主代词。
3 in表示用某种材料或语言。
Please speak in English and write in ink.
4．through表示“以（方法、手段），经由”，后面多接抽象名词。
You can only achieve success through hard work.
考点五 表示“除……之外”的介词
besides表示包含，“除……之外还有……”。except表示排除，“除……之外”，指整体里面排除部分，后面可接代词、副词、介词短语或状语从句，也可接（省略to的）动词不定式、动名词、基数词，还可接that或wh 从句。
but表示排除，多与nobody，none，no one，nothing，anything，everyone，all，who等连用，其后可以接不定式；
except for表示“除……之外”，常在说明基本情况后，从细节上加以修正。
apart from表示“此外，除……之外”，相当于besides/as well as；表示“撇开……来说，除去”，相当于except for；
in addition to表示“除……之外还有……”，相当于besides。
Apart from going shopping，the old lady likes walking after dinner except when it rains.
Beijing is a beautiful city，except for its traffic.
除了交通之外，北京是一个漂亮的城市。考点六 介词after与behind的区别
两者均可表示“在……之后”，其区别是：
1．after 主要用于时间或次序，behind 主要用于位置。
Mary came after you.玛丽在你之后到的。
The hospital is behind the post office.医院在邮局后面。
注：behind 有时也用于时间，表示“迟于”，主要用于behind time（迟，晚）这一短语。
The plane was 30 minutes behind time.飞机晚点30分钟。
2．两者都可用于引申义，after 侧重指追求、寻找、模仿等；而behind 则侧重指在背后、支持、落后等。如：
He ran after her with the book.
他拿着那本书在后面追赶她。
We are behind you completely.我们完全支持你。
He is behind the others in maths.他的数学不如别人。
考点七 表示原因的几个介词
1．for表示原因，常与sorry，famous，punish，praise，thank，blame等词连用。如：
I am sorry for what I said just now.
2．at指情感变化的原因，意为“因听到或看到……而……”。
He was surprised at the bad news.听到这个坏消息他大吃一惊。
3．from指“外在的原因”，如受伤、车祸、劳累等。
The young man died from an accident.
4．of指“内在的原因”，如疾病、饥饿，年老等。
The old man died of hunger.
5．with指生理上或情感上的由外界到内心的原因。
He was trembling with cold.
6．by表示外部的，尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。
She took your umbrella by mistake.
7．because of 表示引起结果的直接原因。
He came late because of illness/because he was ill.
8．owing to多表示引起某不良后果的原因。
Owing to the rain，they did not turn up.
9．thanks to表示引起某种幸运结果的原因，意为“幸亏……，多亏……”。
Thanks to John，we won the game.
10．out of表示动机的起因，意为“出于……”。
He asked the question out of curiosity.
考点八 against
1．（表示方向）与……方向相反；逆着；迎着；顶着
against the wind 迎着风；逆着风
2．（表示方位）紧靠着……；倚靠着……
against the wall 靠着墙
3．（表示对象）对……不利；对……有害；以……为竞争对手；违反；违背
fight against同……战斗；against the natural law 违背自然规律
4．（表示对比）和……比；和……对照；以……为背景
against the blue sky 以蓝天为背景
考点九 beyond
1．（表示位置）在〔往〕……另一边；在〔往〕……那一边；在〔往〕……的更远处
The house is beyond the bridge.房子在桥那边。
2．（表示时间）迟于；晚于；在……之后
Don't stay here beyond midnight.
待在这里不要超过午夜。3．（表示范围）超出；非……所能及
The switch on the wall was beyond the baby's reach.
墙上的开关小孩子是够不到的。
4．（表示程度）超出……的范围；超过；对……来说太难
The tasks they faced seemed far beyond their ability.
他们面临的任务似乎远远超出了他们的能力。
5．（表示数目）多于；超过
There weren't beyond twenty people present.出席的人不超过20个。考点十 常用介词短语的意义
by hand 用手
by heart 牢记；凭记忆
by means of 借助于；用
by mistake 错误地
in a sense从某种意义上说
in addition 另外
in case 假如；以防（万一）免得
in common共同；共有
in place在适当的位置
in practice在实际中；实际上
in public公开地；当众
in return作为报答；作为回报
in spite of 不管；不顾
in turn 依次；轮流；反过来
in terms of 就……来说
out of order发生故障；失调
out of place不得其所的；不适当的
to the point切中要害；切题
in honor of以纪念；向……表示敬意
in favo（u）r of 有利于；赞成；支持
on the spot 当场；在现场
on one's own 独自地；独立地
on purpose故意；有意
out of date 过期（时）的
1．（2024·全国高考Ⅱ）100 ℃ is the temperature ______ which water will boil.
A．for B．at
C．on
D．of
2．（2024·北京高考）Do you think this shirt is too tight ______ the shoulders?
A．at
B．on
C．to
D．across
3．（2024·上海高考）______ passion，people won't have the motivation or the joy necessary for creative thinking.
A．For
B．Without
C．Beneath
D．By
4．（2024·安徽高考）You can change your job，you can move house，but friendship is meant to be ______ life.
A．of
B．on
C．to
D．for
5．（2024·福建高考）Nothing is so easy as ______ parents to raise their expectations of their children too high.
A．of
B．to
C．by
D．for
6．（2024·江苏高考）—Thank God you're safe!
—I stepped back，just ______ to avoid the racing car.
A．in time
B．in case
C．in need
D．in vain
7．（2024·湖北高考）The furniture，with its modern style and bright colors，suits modern houses and their gardens，but looks______in the garden of a traditional home.
A．out of question
B．out of order
C．out of sight
D．out of place
8．（2024·辽宁高考）The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place
______ the main road at the far end of the lake.
A．to
B．for
C．off
D．out
9．（2024·陕西高考）An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are ______it.
A．against
B．for
C．to
D．with
10．（2024·浙江高考）______ all the animals I've ever had，these two dogs are the most sensitive to the spoken word.
A．From
B．Of
C．For
D．With
11．（2024·福建高考）China has been pushing the reform of public hospitals ______ all its citizens.
A．in charge of
B．for the purpose of
C．in honor of
D．for the benefit of
12．（2011·全国高考Ⅱ）This shop will be closed for repairs ______ further notice. A．with
B．until
C． for
D．at
13．（2011·北京高考）With new technology，pictures of underwater valleys can be taken ______ color.
A．by
B．for
C．with
D．in
14．（2011·上海高考）Graduation is a good time to thank those who have helped you ______ the tough years.
A．through
B．up
C．with
D．from
15．（2011·湖北高考）When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster，many teachers would prefer to see him step aside ______ younger men.
A．in terms of
B．in need of
C．in favor of
D．in praise of
16．（2011·山东高考）I'm sorry I didn't phone you，but I've been very busy ______ the past couple of weeks.
A．beyond
B．with
C．among
D．over
17．（2011·安徽高考）Sometimes proper answers are not far to seek______ food safety problems.
A．in
B．to
C．on
D．after
18．（2011·浙江高考）I always wanted to do the job which I'd been trained ______.
A．on
B．for
C．by
D．of
19．（2011·四川高考）Nick，it's good for you to read some books ______ China before you start your trip there.
A．in
B．for
C．of
D．on
20．（2011·天津高考）He was a good student and scored ______ average in most subjects.
A．below
B．of
C．on
D．above
21．（2011·重庆高考）Shirley，a real book lover，often brings home many books to read ______ the library.
A．in
B．for
C．by
