备战09中考英语常见习惯用语辨析
一 知识概要 ?
由于英语国家的语言习惯与中国的语言习惯有许多不同之处，所以造成了许多同学在做选择或书写，或与人交谈中造成误用中国方式来对英语的问句作解答。例如一个小女孩十分好看，可爱，外国人见到时会讲： You are so beautiful? 这时的答语应该是 Thank you? 如果外国人发现你的英语不错，他们会讲： Your English is very good? 这时中国人常常会说：不，我说的不好。这纯是一种礼貌的答语，但是不符合英语习惯。它正确的答语应是 Thank you? 虽然交际英语有一些规律可讲，但更重要的是学习外国的生活习惯，了解他们的文化背景，历史渊源，这样才能真正的学好一门外语。??
二 正误辨析 ?
［误］ - What can I do for you??
- Yes， please help me? ?
［正］ - What can I do for you??
- I'd like to buy a sweater? ?
［析］ What can I do for you? 这一问语实际上用于的情景很多，要根据具体情况而定。如在商店中售货员讲这句话应译为：您想要点什么?在其他场合也可以被译为：我能为您做些什么?它的答语应是直接讲出想让对方提供的帮助。?
［误］ - Which colour do you like??
- Sorry， I don't like? ?
［正］ - Which colour do you like??
- I prefer blue? ?
［析］ 由 which 来提问的问句是要回答具体的选择，而不能泛指，泛泛的回答。如 Yes， I like it
［误］ Do you like to come with us tonight? ?
［正］ Would you like to come with us tonight? ?
［析］ Do you like 问的是对方的习惯，如： Do you like swimming? Do you like collecting stamps? 而 would you like 则是一次性的邀请、提议。邀请的英语表达法还有如下几种：?
Shall we go? 我们走吧!?
Let's go? 让我们走吧!?
How about having a cup of tea? 喝杯茶如何??
What about a cup of coffee? 喝杯咖啡如何??
Why not buy it? 为什么不买呢??
其肯定答语一般为Certainly， Yes， O．Ｋ． All right， With pleasure??
［误］ Sorry， I've kept you waiting??
Not at all? ?
［正］ Sorry， I've kept you waiting??
Never mind? ?
［析］ 介意不介意这一问法与答语在中英文中有所不同。如：?
- Do you mind my smoking here??- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ?
Ａ． Yes， do it please??
Ｂ． No， of course not??
Ｃ． Yes， take it please??
Ｄ． No， you can't take it??
这时正确的选择应是B。 其意为：不介意，当然不。而A选项则自相矛盾了，它应译为：是的我介意，请抽吧。而D选项是：不介意，你不能抽。当向对方争求意见时，可以有以下问法：
Do you mind if I open the door??
Would you mind mailing the letter for me??
其答语如果是同意应为： Certainly not， not at all?
而不同意时应为 Yes， 或 I'm sorry??
［误］ What's that man??
He is Mike? ?
［正］ What's that man??
He is a teacher? ?
［正］ Who's that man??
He is Mike? (He is Mike's father?) ?
［析］ 由 what 提问是问的职业，由 who 提问问的是姓名或身份。?
［误］ - How much are they??
- Half a kilo， please? ?
［正］ - How many bananas do you want??
- Half a kilo? Please? ?
［析］ How much are they? 问的是价格而不是实际物品的多少。?
［误］ I'm sorry， but is this the way to the park? ?
［正］ Excuse me， but is this the way to the park? ?
［析］ I'm sorry 是对已经做错了的事向对方道歉时的开始语。而 Excuse me? 是在打扰对方之前表达歉意的话。?
［误］ - Have a good time tonight!?
- You are the same? ?
［正］ - Have a good time tonight!?
- The same to you? ?
［析］ The same to you 是表达我也祝您有个愉快的夜晚，它是美语中的习惯用法。?
［误］ - What's the problem??
- I've got a headache? ?
［正］ What's wrong with you??
I've got a headache? ?
［析］ What's wrong with you? 是询问对方身体状态如何，而 What's the problem?是问对方遇到了什么麻烦。?
［误］ - Now， I'm back? Can I play??
- Perhaps? You'd better do your homework first? ?
［正］ - Now， I'm back? Can I play??
- I'm afraid not? You'd better do your homework first? ?
［析］ Perhaps 是表示对一种拿不准的事态的推论，如： Am I right? Perhaps?而 I'm afraid not? 则表达一种不同意的态度。 be afraid 的几种用法有：?
I'm afraid that you are right??
其后直接加宾语从句。?
- Will you come to my birthday party??
- I'm afraid not? I have to go to see my father? He is in hospital??
其后＋not，表示否定。?
- Sorry， I don't want to go there alone， I'm afraid of the dog??
其后＋名词，表示对某人，某物的害怕。?
Mary is afraid of making mistakes in the exam??
其后＋ of ＋ 动名词，表示害怕做某事。?
Mary is afraid to see the teacher because she didn't do well in the exam??
其后＋ 不定式，表示不敢去做某事。?
［误］ - How soon will you be ready??
- Two days? ?
［正］ - How soon will you be ready??
- In two days? ?
［析］ 此题关键是要根据情景，身临其境，要注意的是对方问了什么，就应答什么。或答了什么就应问什么。 How soon 问的是还有多久才能作完，这时要用 in two days， 即在两小时之内即可以作完。如用 How long 提问，则答语可以用 two days。?
［误］ - Would you mind if I have some time off??
- I don't mind??
- Monday and Tuesday of next week? ?
［正］ - Would you mind if I have some time off??
- When exactly??
- Monday and Tuesday of next week? ?
［析］ 有的对话是复杂的，稍有不慎就有可能选错，而且英语中如选错了答案是不容易找出错来的。 I don't mind 是可以用来回答 Would you mind这一提问的，但如仔细看一看则会发现我们要选用的不是陈述句而是疑问句。根据下面一句的答语来判定要用 when exactly? 什么时间，这样才能与下句中具体的时间相符合。?
［误］ Suppose your name is Tom? The phone rings and you pick it up? The first word you say will probably be Who are you? ?
［正］ Suppose your name is Tom? The phone rings and you pick it up? The first word you say will probably be Hello? This is Tom speaking? ?
［析］ 在英语学习中，习惯用法实际上在某种情况，或某种意义上讲比语法更为重要。如果只从句子的角度上去分析，它们可能都是对的。比如，当你拿起电话时，如果你想知道对方是谁，可以问Who's that(speaking)?但不要讲Who are you?如果你想先介绍一下自己可以讲This is speaking而不要讲I'm 也不要讲My name is ． 就语法而论，Who are you? I'm ?My name is ?并不错，也是英语中可用的句子，但就打电话这一场合，就不宜用了。?
［误］ - Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend??
- I don't hope so? ?
［正］ - Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend??
- I hope not? ?
［析］ 由于初学者对实际英语口语中表达感情意愿的答语不熟悉，如在肯定答语中 I think so? I hope so? I believe so? 是相同的，但在否定句中却常用 I don't think so? 但I don't believe so? 和 I don't hope so? 则意为：我不信此事和我不希望此事发生。而 I believe not? 和 I hope not? 则为：我想可能不会发生吧!?
［误］ - Is anybody there??
- No， Bob and Tom have asked for leave? ?
［正］ - Is everybody there??
- No， Bob and Tom have asked for leave? ?
［析］ 许多学生在写作和选择答语或问句时总要语法在前，而不是习惯用语在先。所以总是要拘泥疑问句中的不定代词，用 anybody。 但是Is anybody there? 在英语中为：这里有人吗?而Is everybody there?为：全都到齐了吗?所以首先要考虑的是其答语。 No， Bob and Tom have asked for leave??
［误］ - Your handwriting is very good!?
- No， my handwriting is very poor? ?
［正］ - Your handwriting is very good!?
- Thank you? ?
［析］ 中国人遇到别人称赞，总是以谦逊为美德。但英美人则往往认为自信是美德。所以当别人夸奖你或赞美你时，就应说： Thank you? 又比如中国人见面时常讲 Where are you going? 或 Have you had your breakfast yet?而英美人则认为你过多的干预别人的私生活了。而他们见面时往往问一些无关紧要的话，如： Hello! How are you going? (你过得怎样) Morning! 等。而 good morning? 和 How do you do? 则被认为是较正规的问候语，在日常生活中则十分少见。?
［误］ When you have had dinner with an American friend and want to leave you may say： Excuse me? I'll go first? ?
［正］ When you have had dinner with an American friend and want to leave you may say： Excuse me? I have to go? ?
［析］ 这两句答语都是正确的，其关键不是语法，而是习惯问题。如果在这样的场合你讲 I'll go first? 朋友们会迷惑不解，而 I have to go? 则表示由于外界的特殊原因而造成的你要离去，而你本人则十分不愿做此事。?
［误］ - Would you like to come to dinner tonight??
- I'd like to， and I'm too busy? ?
［正］ - Would you like to come to dinner tonight??
- I'd like to， but I'm too busy? ?
［析］ I'm too busy? 与 I'd like to? 在意义上正好相反。所以要用转折连词。这里考查了对词义合乎逻辑的表达能力。所以要强调语言环境，更要强调在语言的基础上的词语辨析。?
［误］ - Where's Deter??
- Deter will come with us tonight but he isn't very sure yet? ?
［正］ - Where's Deter??
- Deter may come with us tonight but he isn't very sure yet? ?
［析］ 由于 but 所引出的句子可以看出 Deter 的来与不来是十分不确定的，所以应用 may 来表达一个不肯定的事件。?
［误］ - Hi， haven't seen you for ages! You look fine!?
- Great? You look well too? ?
［正］ - Hi， haven't seen you for ages! You look fine!?
- Thanks? You look well too? ?
［析］ 要注意的是 Great 在口语中多表示惊叹，而 Thanks 则表示感谢对方的称赞。?所以对情景谈话要有准确的判定，要根据情景，身临其境，上下对照，周密思考，弄清场合，注意英美人的风俗习惯，注重语义上的词语辨析，并要进行大量的语言实践练习，扩大实际交际能力。?
三 例题解析 ?
1? - Would you like to have some rice??
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．?
A? Yes， I like B? Yes， please C? of course D? Yes， I have
?
［答案］ B.?
［析］ 当对方对你发出邀请的问语时，如果你想接受则讲 Yes， please? 如不想接受则用No， thanks??
2? - Nice to see you?
?- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．?
A? Good morning B? Happy to meet you， too ?
C? Nice to see you， too D? Pleased to meet you， too
?
［答案］ C.?
［析］ 虽然A、B、D三个选项都可以作为某种问候语的答语，但英语中问候语的答语多用重复对方的话，以表达同样的心情。?
3? - Would you please give me some water??
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．?
A? Yes， I would B? Certainly C? No， thanks D? Yes， please
?
［答案］ B.?
［析］ 当对方发出十分礼貌的请求帮助的问语时，一般的回答是肯定的。而Yes， please? 为是的，您请做某事吧。这一含意显然不对。?
4? - Thank you very much for helping me??
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．?
A? You're welcome B? It doesn't matter
C? No need D? Don't say that
?
［答案］ A.?
［析］ You're welcome 译为中文为：不用谢。而 It doesn't matter 则为：没关系。?
5? - Hello， Lucy? How are you??
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ And you??
A? Fine， thanks B? Yes， I am
C? Glad to meet you D? Good afternoon
?
［答案］ A.?
［析］ 在正常交往中一定要避免所问非所答。所以对 How are you? 的答语应为很好，谢谢!?
6? - Help yourself to some meat??
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ?
A? It sounds nice． B? Yes， please． ?
C? Yes， Let's help each other． D? Thank you．
?
［答案］ D.?
［析］ Help yourself to some meat． 你自己拿些肉吃吧。其意为主人劝客人不要客气，像在家里一样。?
7? - Oh， I am not feeling well? I've got a cold??
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ?
A? Fine， How are you? B? Never mind? Take care ?
C? Well， I 'm sure to get weel soon． D? I'm sorry to hear that?
?
［答案］ D.?
［析］ 这是美国、英国的习惯用语，而B、 C则是中国人常讲的答语。?
8? - Meimei you speak English very well??
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．?
A? No， I don't think so B? Thank you very much?
C? Not good enough D? That's all right
?
［答案］ B.?
9? - Kate， could you answer the telephone， please??
- ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ , Mum? I'll get it．?
A? Yes， I could B? No， thanks ?
C? O?K? D? Yes， but I have no time
?
［答案］ C.?
［析］ 要注意 could 用于口语中是为了讲话的口气委婉，但它不是过去时态，也不是助动词，而应看作情态动词。所以在答语中则不应这样用。?
